Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Jin-Kyoung Park, Soo Ji Kim

2021

To evaluate the effects of a drumming intervention with rhythmic cues on upper extremity motor control and attentional control in patients with PD.

Twelve participants, aged 40–60 years, with a diagnosis of a PD in stages I to III on the Hoehn and Yahr scale. Six participants in the intervention group.

Three sessions per week, for 12 weeks, in a group, lasting 50 min each session.

There were no statistically significant differences for cognitive outcomes.

Petra Pohl, Ewa Wressle, Fredrik Lundin, Paul Enthoven and Nil Dizdar

2020

To evaluate a group musical intervention in patients with PD.

Forty-six participants aged eighteen years, with PD at stages I to III on the Hoehn and Yahr scale. Twenty-six in the intervention group .

Two sessions per week, for 12 weeks, in group, lasting 1 h each session.

There were no statistically significant differences for cognitive outcomes.

Petra Pohl, Nil Dizdar, and Eva Hallert

2013

To evaluate the feasibility of the Intervention “The Ronnie Gardiner Rhythm and Musi Method”.

Eighteen participants diagnosed with PD. Twelve in the intervention group.

Two sessions per week, for 6 weeks, in a group, lasting 1 h each session.

There were statistically significant differences for learning and episodic memory, language and inhibitory control.