The relationship between morphological awareness and word reading in Brazilian Portuguese: a longitudinal study

Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica

Psychology: Research and Review

Table 2 Hierarchical regression analysis

T1 grade	Criterion	Steps	Model predictors	β	R²	ΔR²	Change in F
2nd/3rd	WR T2	1st	IQ T1 PWM T1 PA T1	0.233** .017 0.325*	0.24	0.24	8.56**
		2nd	WR T1	0.714***	0.62	0.38	81.99**
		3rd	MA T1	.051	0.63	.00	0.48
4th/5th	WR T2	1st	IQ T1 PWM T1 PA T1	0.116 0.184 0.285*	0.21	0.21	6.61**
		2nd	WR 1	0.646***	0.52	0.31	46.65**
		3rd	MA T1	0.282*	0.57	.04	6.99*
2nd/3rd	MA T2	1st	IQ T1 PWM T1 PA T1	0.388*** 0.172 0.157	0.32	0.32	12.6**
		2nd	MA T1	0.252*	0.37	.06	7.0*
		3rd	WR T1	0.324**	0.45	.08	11.4**
4th/5th	MA T2	1st	IQ T1 PWM T1 PA T1	0.131 0.269* 0.214	0.23	0.23	7.3**
		2nd	MA T1	0.747***	0.60	0.37	65.8**
		3rd	WR T1	.011	0.60	.00	.01

IQ Nonverbal IQ (Raven), PWM Phonological working memory, PA Phonological awareness, MA Morphological awareness, WR Word reading, T1 Time 1, T2 Time 2, Sig. Significance level of the change in F
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001