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Psychology: Research and Review

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of reading, morphological awareness, phonological awareness, phonological working memory, and intelligence tasks

From: The relationship between morphological awareness and word reading in Brazilian Portuguese: a longitudinal study

Task

Time 1 grade

N

Mean (SD)

Max. T

Skew

Kurtosis

Time 1

  Word reading

2nd/3rd

85

9.6 (6.0)

25

0.04

 − 1.15

4th/5th

77

16.9 (4.7)

25

 − 0.54

0.06

  Morphological awareness

2nd/3rd

85

6.6 (2.7)

12

 − 0.38

 − 0.47

4th/5th

77

9.1 (2.0)

12

 − 0.86

0.87

  Phonological awareness

2nd/3rd

85

6.2 (2.5)

10

 − 0.39

 − 0.54

4th/5th

77

7.2 (2.2)

10

 − 0.75

 − 0.01

  Phonological working memory

2nd/3rd

85

10.5 (2.0)

30

0.76

1.47

4th/5th

77

11.6 (2.5)

30

0.60

 − 0.10

  Nonverbal IQ

2nd/3rd

85

28.1 (4.3)

36

 − 0.40

 − 0.35

4th/5th

77

30.4 (3.3)

36

 − 0.97

1.00

Time 2

  Word reading

2nd/3rd

85

13.4 (5.3)

25

 − 0.12

 − 0.70

4th/5th

77

18.0 (3.8)

25

 − 0.11

 − 0.82

  Morphological awareness

2nd/3rd

85

8.4 (2.3)

12

 − 0.35

 − 0.50

4th/5th

77

9.7 (2.1)

12

 − 0.87

0.19

  Phonological awareness

2nd/3rd

85

7.5 (2.3)

10

 − 0.91

0.20

4th/5th

77

7.7 (2.0)

10

 − 1.12

1.85

  1. All scores are raw scores
  2. SD Standard deviation, Max. T Maximum possible task score