Psychology: Research and Review
Table 4 ESPECTA-VN and empathy scale results before and after intervention for experimental group (n = 14)
Pre-test (M (SD)) | Post-test (M (SD)) | p value* | Effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Bystander attitudes | ||||
Awareness: failure to notice | 3.02 (0.63) | 3.19 (0.55) | 0.368 | 0.26 |
Definition: failure to identify the risk | 3.31 (0.82) | 3.38 (0.68) | 0.673 | − 0.09 |
Responsibility: failure to assume responsibility | 3.50 (0.60) | 3.68 (0.56) | 0.209 | 0.31 |
Plan/self-efficacy: failure due to lack of abilities | 3.40 (0.96) | 2.90 (0.74) | 0.102 | − 0.47 |
Action to intervene: failure due to audience inhibition effect | 3.87 (0.58) | 3.52 (0.70) | 0.169 | − 0.45 |
Empathy | ||||
Empathetic consideration | 3.49 (0.75) | 3.57 (0.64) | 0.484 | − 0.16 |
Assuming the other’s perspective | 3.21 (0.80) | 3.53 (0.56) | 0.116 | 0.46 |
Personal distress | 3.18 (0.72) | 3.27 (0.49) | 0.637 | − 0.19 |