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Psychology: Research and Review

Table 2 Comparisons between the groups regarding social vulnerability, maternal depression, and chronic adversities (n = 85)

From: Behavioral problems of school children: impact of social vulnerability, chronic adversity, and maternal depression

Groups

G1 (n = 18)

G2 (n = 39)

G3 (n = 28)

Test value

p value*

Social vulnerability

f (%)

f (%)

f (%)

Maternal education

 Up to 8 years

05 (28)

16 (41)

01 (04)

11.961

0.003

 More than 8 years

13 (72)

23 (59)

27 (96)

Paternal education

 Up to 8 years

10 (56)

20 (51)

11 (39)

1.429

0.489

 More than 8 years

08 (44)

19 (49)

17 (61)

Marital status

 Single-parent family

11 (61)

32 (82)

23 (82)

3.589

0.165

 Two-parent family

07 (39)

07 (18)

05 (18)

Socioeconomic class

 C, D, and E

06 (33)

13 (33)

09 (32)

0.012

0.994

 A and B

12 (67)

26 (67)

19 (68)

Family income

 Up to 3 minimum wages

13 (72)

24 (62)

10 (36)

7.044

0.030

 More than 3 min. wages

05 (28)

15 (38)

18 (64)

Government benefit

 Present

04 (22)

12 (31)

02 (07)

5.465

0.065

 Absent

14 (78)

27 (69)

26 (93)

Maternal depression

 Presence

11 (61)

15 (38)

00 (00)

21.376

< 0.001

 Absence

07 (39)

24 (62)

28 (100)

Chronic adversities

M (SD)/Med

M (SD)/Med

M (SD)/Med

Test value

p value**

 

1.50 (0.92)

1.95 (1.61)

1.04 (1.17)

6.651

0.036

2.00

2.00

1.00

  1. Note. G1 = children with behavioral difficulties according to mothers and teachers; G2 = children with behavioral difficulties according to mothers or teachers; G3 = children without behavioral difficulties according to mothers and teachers
  2. f frequency, % percentage, M mean, SD standard deviation, Med median
  3. *p value for the chi-square test
  4. **p value for the Kruskal-Wallis test/p ≤ 0.05