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Psychology: Research and Review

Table 3 Behavioral problems depending on area of impairment and size of gap

From: Behavior problems and social competence in Brazilian children with specific language impairment

Test

Gap a

Behavioral Problems

Statistics (χ 2) b

Normal

“At risk of”

Expressive Vocabulary

Moderate

8 (67 %)

3 (25 %)

4.196*

Severe

4 (33 %)

9 (75 %)

Nonword Repetition

Moderate

3 (25 %)

3 (25 %)

.000

Severe

9 (75 %)

9 (75 %)

CTOPP

Moderate

3 (25 %)

1 (8 %)

1.200

Severe

9 (75 %)

11 (92 %)

MLU

Moderate

7 (58 %)

2 (18 %)

3.884*

Severe

5 (42 %)

9 (82 %)

Pragmatics

Moderate

2 (22 %)

1 (8 %)

.810

Severe

7 (78 %)

11 (92 %)

  1. * Statistical significance at p < .05
  2. a The gap was defined by the following criteria: for the Expressive Vocabulary, Nonword Repetition, MLU and Pragmatic tests, severe was equivalent to ≤ 2 year-gap and moderate to > 2 year-gap. For the CTOPP, severe was equivalent to < School Grade 1 and moderate to ≥ School Grade 1
  3. b One Sample Chi-square Tests (df = 1)