Psychology: Research and Review
Table 1 Participants’ Performances (Mean and Standard Deviation) in IQ and Language, Memory and Executive Functions by Socioeconomic Status and Age Range
Tasks | Groups | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SES | A | B1 | B2 | C | |||||||||
Age range | 6–7 | 8–9 | 10–12 | 6–7 | 8–9 | 10–12 | 6–7 | 8–9 | 10–12 | 6–7 | 8–9 | 10–12 | |
IQ | M | 25.52 | 31.74 | 32.16 | 25.14 | 29.24 | 31.41 | 24.29 | 27.97 | 30.70 | 20.76 | 26.52 | 30.52 |
SD | 4.69 | 2.66 | 3.05 | 4.71 | 5.37 | 3.36 | 3.97 | 4.46 | 3.64 | 5.07 | 4.72 | 3.57 | |
Semantic and episodic memory | |||||||||||||
Immediate recall | M | 4.70 | 5.08 | 5.50 | 4.50 | 4.57 | 5.59 | 4.54 | 5.45 | 5.60 | 4.00 | 4.84 | 5.19 |
SD | 1.36 | 1.24 | 1.08 | 1.25 | 1.21 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.23 | 1.25 | 1.05 | 0.80 | 0.95 | |
Late recall | M | 3.03 | 3.95 | 3.98 | 3.28 | 3.17 | 4.07 | 3.43 | 4.45 | 4.28 | 2.19 | 3.12 | 3.87 |
SD | 1.45 | 1.64 | 1.45 | 1.65 | 1.37 | 1.19 | 1.55 | 1.03 | 1.49 | 1.72 | 1.27 | 1.15 | |
Visuoverbal | M | 4.76 | 5.74 | 6.25 | 5.56 | 5.61 | 6.18 | 4.96 | 5.61 | 6.32 | 4.43 | 5.52 | 5.77 |
SD | 1.15 | 1.39 | 1.15 | 1.13 | 1.19 | 1.13 | 1.11 | 0.92 | 1.24 | 1.03 | 1.23 | 0.85 | |
Semantic | M | 3.73 | 3.90 | 3.94 | 3.67 | 3.74 | 3.98 | 3.32 | 3.94 | 3.98 | 3.33 | 3.80 | 3.87 |
SD | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.48 | 0.54 | 0.15 | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.73 | 0.41 | 0.34 | |
Working memory | |||||||||||||
Digit span (forward) | M | 17.27 | 20.69 | 22.15 | 17.50 | 18.74 | 21.48 | 16.96 | 18.68 | 21.04 | 13.62 | 16.92 | 19.45 |
SD | 4.29 | 3.79 | 2.44 | 3.37 | 4.08 | 2.76 | 3.24 | 3.90 | 3.04 | 3.71 | 4.87 | 3.55 | |
Digit span (backward) | M | 16.15 | 20.46 | 21.88 | 16.06 | 19.04 | 20.45 | 15.29 | 18.32 | 20.17 | 10.67 | 17.60 | 20.84 |
SD | 5.14 | 4.51 | 3.85 | 4.61 | 3.86 | 3.68 | 5.40 | 4.20 | 3.73 | 5.21 | 4.42 | 3.49 | |
Pseudoword span | M | 11.19 | 14.50 | 14.87 | 11.67 | 12.57 | 14.20 | 10.30 | 12.35 | 14.43 | 10.33 | 10.79 | 13.19 |
SD | 3.53 | 3.46 | 3.36 | 3.14 | 3.88 | 2.73 | 2.70 | 2.68 | 3.12 | 3.09 | 2.87 | 2.96 | |
Visuospatial working memory | M | 19.64 | 23.89 | 25.08 | 17.83 | 22.91 | 24.09 | 17.71 | 22.42 | 23.23 | 11.38 | 22.04 | 23.68 |
SD | 6.01 | 5.63 | 3.17 | 7.21 | 4.90 | 3.99 | 5.56 | 5.28 | 3.78 | 7.05 | 6.00 | 4.26 | |
Language | |||||||||||||
Rhyme | M | 3.58 | 3.77 | 3.94 | 3.47 | 3.48 | 3.82 | 3.32 | 3.58 | 3.81 | 2.86 | 3.52 | 3.74 |
SD | 0.75 | 0.49 | 0.24 | 0.77 | 0.67 | 0.39 | 0.91 | 0.67 | 0.39 | 0.95 | 0.59 | 0.45 | |
Phonemic subtraction | M | 5.30 | 5.77 | 5.87 | 5.17 | 5.26 | 5.80 | 5.00 | 5.55 | 5.89 | 3.62 | 5.32 | 5.61 |
SD | 1.10 | 0.54 | 0.49 | 1.40 | 0.97 | 0.55 | 1.16 | 0.77 | 0.31 | 1.69 | 1.41 | 0.56 | |
Listening | M | 4.73 | 4.87 | 4.87 | 4.86 | 4.61 | 4.82 | 4.79 | 4.81 | 4.89 | 4.71 | 4.84 | 4.97 |
SD | 0.45 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.50 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.37 | 0.18 | |
Inferential processing | M | 2.39 | 5.23 | 6.96 | 2.58 | 5.39 | 6.59 | 2.39 | 4.94 | 6.15 | 1.24 | 4.08 | 6.29 |
SD | 2.29 | 1.95 | 1.12 | 2.35 | 1.97 | 1.37 | 2.57 | 1.95 | 1.30 | 1.67 | 2.48 | 1.79 | |
Reading words and pseudowords | M | 15.03 | 16.03 | 16.52 | 14.17 | 15.74 | 16.34 | 13.46 | 16.10 | 16.17 | 9.67 | 15.40 | 16.29 |
SD | 1.94 | 1.04 | 0.58 | 3.73 | 1.39 | 0.57 | 4.28 | 0.94 | 0.70 | 5.41 | 1.63 | 0.74 | |
Reading comprehension | M | 4.82 | 4.97 | 4.90 | 4.56 | 4.96 | 4.98 | 4.75 | 4.94 | 4.98 | 3.76 | 4.88 | 4.94 |
SD | 0.53 | 0.16 | 0.69 | 1.11 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.59 | 0025 | 0.15 | 1.26 | 0.44 | 0.25 | |
spelling | M | 15.03 | 17.79 | 18.44 | 14.03 | 17.26 | 18.43 | 13.36 | 17.60 | 18.15 | 8.70 | 16.40 | 18.19 |
SD | 2.65 | 1.32 | 0.73 | 4.28 | 1.57 | 0.45 | 4.08 | 1.40 | 1.12 | 5.95 | 2.12 | 1.01 | |
Spontaneous writing | M | 1.33 | 1.90 | 1.96 | 1.25 | 1.78 | 1.84 | 1.11 | 1.84 | 1.81 | 0.67 | 1.24 | 1.84 |
SD | 0.65 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.84 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.79 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.80 | 0.52 | 0.37 | |
Written copy of words | M | 1.70 | 1.92 | 1.98 | 1.75 | 1.96 | 1,91 | 1.61 | 1.81 | 2.00 | 1.71 | 1.76 | 1.97 |
SD | 0.47 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.50 | 0.21 | 0,29 | 0.57 | 0.48 | 0 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.18 | |
Executive Functions | |||||||||||||
Orthographic verbal fluency | M | 5.58 | 8.03 | 10.02 | 6.11 | 7.78 | 9.70 | 5.86 | 7.84 | 9.89 | 4.40 | 7.87 | 8.52 |
SD | 2.37 | 3.44 | 3.32 | 3.05 | 3.83 | 2.90 | 2.88 | 2.91 | 4.27 | 2.11 | 3.04 | 3.72 | |
Semantic verbal fluency | M | 11.82 | 14.77 | 18.46 | 12.56 | 15.39 | 15.95 | 11.36 | 13.19 | 16.96 | 10.00 | 12.44 | 15.74 |
SD | 3.69 | 3.38 | 3.94 | 3.86 | 5.05 | 5.26 | 4.67 | 3.89 | 5.11 | 4.10 | 3.71 | 4.67 | |
go-no go task | M | 51.42 | 55.03 | 57.13 | 50.17 | 55.96 | 57.89 | 49.68 | 55.94 | 57.09 | 45.70 | 52.04 | 56.90 |
SD | 6.36 | 3.54 | 4.82 | 7.76 | 4.65 | 2.89 | 6.35 | 3.72 | 3.27 | 6.91 | 6.96 | 3.66 | |