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Psychology: Research and Review

Table 3 Study 2 partial correlations among maternal anti-punishment attitudes, touch behavior, and child sociomoral outcomes

From: The importance of early life touch for psychosocial and moral development

Child outcomes by age

Anti-punishment attitudes

Positive touch

Lack of negative touch

6 months

18-months

30-months

18-months

30-months

18-month behavioral regulation

.02 (.75)

.15 (.03)

.07 (.33)

.24 (< .001)

.19 (.01)

18-month social engagement

.23 (.001)

.10 (.14)

.09 (.22)

.10 (.15)

.20 (.004)

18-month cooperation

.02 (.82)

-.03 (.71)

.04 (.61)

.08 (.27)

.17 (.02)

30-month behavioral regulation

.08 (.27)

.11 (.13)

.07 (.31)

.02 (.77)

.30 (< .001)

30-month social engagement

.13 (.07)

.06 (.44)

.24 (.001)

.04 (.57)

.22 (.002)

30-month cooperation

.04 (.62)

− .01 (.86)

.09 (.23)

− .03 (.69)

.28 (< .001)

24-month externalizing

− .20 (.002)

− .04 (.56)

.01 (.92)

− .14 (.04)

− .19 (.01)

24-month internalizing

− .15 (.03)

.03 (.61)

.03 (.72)

− .02 (.80)

− .07 (.33)

24-month competence

.18 (.01)

.14 (.04)

.11 (.14)

.09 (.20)

.17 (.02)

36-month externalizing

− .11 (.12)

− .03 (.67)

− .16 (.02)

− .14 (.04)

− .14 (.04)

36-month internalizing

− .11 (.13)

.04 (.57)

− .09 (.21)

− .12 (.08)

− .07 (.36)

36-month competence

.13 (.07)

.22 (.002)

.11 (.13)

.15 (.04)

.15 (.04)

  1. Correlations control for responsivity, income-to-needs ratio, maternal age, and education. High scores on anti-punishment attitudes indicate rejection of corporal punishment
  2. Significant values are set in italics. P-values are in parentheses