Table 2 Study 2 descriptive statistics for punishment attitudes, touch behaviors, and child outcomes

6-month anti-punishment attitudes

425

8–40

31.05

5.96

4-month positive touch behavior

466

0–2

1.82

.41

8-month positive touch behavior

406

0–2

1.66

.55

18-month positive touch behavior

391

0–2

1.43

.68

30-month positive touch behavior

359

0–2

1.27

.75

4-month lack of punishment behavior

466

0–3

2.77

.50

8-month lack of punishment behavior

406

0–3

2.53

.70

18-month lack of punishment behavior

390

0–3

2.19

.87

30-month lack of punishment behavior

359

0–3

2.25

.85

18-month behavioral regulation

369

1–5

4.48

.65

30-month behavioral regulation

342

1–5

4.62

.62

18-month social engagement

368

1–5

3.62

1.02

30-month social engagement

341

1–5

3.63

1.23

18-month cooperation

363

1–5

4.11

.84

30-month cooperation

341

1–5

4.29

.86

24-month externalizing

415

0–2

.70

.32

36-month externalizing

363

0–2

.61

.31

24-month internalizing

412

0–2

.63

.23

36-month internalizing

360

0–2

.58

.25

24-month competence

406

0–2

1.32

.27

36-month competence

357

0–2

1.39

.30