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Psychology: Research and Review

Table 2 Demographic characteristics, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and patterns of drug use among crack cocaine users in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, prior to treatment intervention

From: Contingency management is effective in promoting abstinence and retention in treatment among crack cocaine users with a previous history of poor treatment response: a crossover trial

Variable

Prior to UC intervention (n = 16)

Prior to CM intervention (n = 16)

p value1

n (%)

Mean ± SD

n (%)

Mean ± SD

Age (years)

 

37.3 ± 8.4

 

37.9 ± 8.7

0.838

Male

14 (87.5)

 

14 (87.5)

 

1.000

Education (years of schooling)

 

10.1 ± 3.3

 

9.3 ± 3.3

0.590

Unemployment

11 (68.8)

 

13 (81.2)

 

0.500

Homelessness

3 (18.8)

 

4 (25.0)

 

1.000

Age at onset of crack use (years)

 

24.7 ± 8.4

 

23.9 ± 8.6

0.777

Duration of crack use (years)

 

12.6 ± 7.8

 

14 ± 6.8

0.542

Has slept on the streets due to crack use

6 (37.5)

 

8 (50.0)

 

0.250

Has been to Crackland*

14 (87.5)

 

12 (75.5)

 

0.500

History of inpatient treatment

14 (87.5)

 

14 (87.5)

 

1.000

Number of previous treatment attempts

 

4.6 ± 5.4

 

4.8 ± 4.1

0.918

Positive crack cocaine urine sample at baseline

9 (56.3)

 

6 (37.5)

 

0.727

Alcohol dependence

9 (56.3)

 

9 (56.3)

 

1.000

Multiple substance dependence

12 (75.0)

 

12 (75.0)

 

1.000

Psychotic symptoms, n (%)

10 (62.5)

 

10 (62.5)

 

1.000

Beck Depression Inventory-II score

 

23.8 ± 12.6

 

20.3 ± 12.1

0.493

Beck Anxiety Inventory score

 

21.0 ± 14.0

 

23.1 ± 11.9

0.694

  1. UC usual care, CM contingency management, SD standard deviation
  2. *Crackland is a region of downtown São Paulo where thousands of people consume crack openly
  3. 1p values were obtained using paired t test for continuous variables and the McNemar exact test for dichotomous variables