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Psychology: Research and Review

Table 1 Results of the intervention on social skills, depression, anxiety, stress, and quality of life

From: Social skills training for drug users under treatment: a pilot study with follow-up

Variables

T1

Mean (SD)

T2

Mean (SD)

T3

Mean (SD)

N

Test statistic

p

d

(T1 vs T3)

Making refusals1

13.444a

(4.447)

10.000b

(5.000)

13.777a

(3.800)

9

χ 2 Friedman (2)

6.353

0.042*

0.080

Expressing Negative Affect1

19.333b

(4.000)

20.777b

(6.418)

22.444a

(4.693)

9

χ 2 Friedman (2)

2.294

0.032*

0.71

Starting and keeping a conversation1

25.111a

(7.321)

27.222a

(8.318)

28.222a

(9.175)

 

χ 2 Friedman (2)

0.667

0.717

NA

Acknowledging compliments2

6.888a

(1.536)

7.444a

(2.603)

7.333a

(2.449)

 

F(2;16) = 0.161

0.852

NA

Speaking in public1

6.777a

(3.800)

6.555a

(4.333)

8.888a

(3.822)

 

χ 2 Friedman (2)

2.552

0.279

NA

Expressing Positive Affect1

26.555a

6.857

26.444a

9.056

26.444a

5.918

 

χ 2 Friedman (2)

1.235

0.539

NA

Expressing disagreement2

14.333a

(4.924)

15.777a

(4.994)

15.666a

(5.220)

 

F(2;16) = 0.679

0.521

NA

Defending rights1

14.111a

(5.085)

15.666a

(6.224)

17.555a

(6.424)

 

χ 2 Friedman (2)

3.486

0.175

NA

Depression symptoms1

5.222a

(4.116)

3.444b

(3.643)

2.000a

(4.242)

9

χ 2 Friedman (2)

1.697

0.028*

0.770

Anxiety Symptoms1

3.555a

(2.743)

3.222a

(2.990)

1.777a

(1.715)

9

χ 2 Friedman (2)

5.154

0.076

NA

Stress symptoms1

5.555a

(3.711)

3.666a

(2.449)

2.666a

(3.082)

9

χ 2 Friedman (2)

3.563

0.168

NA

Quality of life

(psychological)2

3.274a

(0.646)

4.015b

(0.652)

4.255b

(0.251)

9

F(2;16) = 14.202

0.001**

2.189

Quality of life

(environment)1

78.388a

(6.913)

74.222b

(2.181)

75.555b

(5.433)

9

χ2 Friedman (2) 5.886

0.043*

− 0.458

Quality of life

(physical)2

3.760a

(0.753)

3.950a

(0.927)

4.122a

(0.793)

9

F(2;16) = 1.307

0.298

NA

Quality of life

(social)2

3.106a

(0.833)

3.588a

(0.722)

3.848a

(0.853)

9

F(2;16) = 2.283

0.134

NA

  1. a/b: notation used in multiple comparisons to identify which means differ significantly, where means followed by the same letters (on the line) do not differ in a significance of 5%
  2. NA not applicable
  3. *p at the level of 0.05 **p at the level of 0.05
  4. 1Variables analyzed by the Friedman test
  5. 2Analysis of variance F-Snedecor